2. Other Uses and Disclosures Without Your Consent or Authorization. Subject to the limitations described in Section 6 below (relating to reproductive health information), we may also use and disclose your health information without your specific written authorization for the following purposes:
a) As required by law. We may use and disclose your health information when required by state, federal, or local law.
b) Public health activities. We may disclose your health information to public health authorities or other agencies and organizations conducting public health activities, such as organizations responding to the COVID-19 or any future pandemic.
c) Victims of abuse, neglect, or domestic violence. We may disclose your health information to an appropriate government agency if we believe you are a victim of abuse, neglect, or domestic violence as required or permitted by law. We will let you know if we disclose your health information for this purpose unless we believe that notifying you would place you or another person at risk of serious harm.
d) Health oversight activities. We may disclose your health information to health oversight agencies, such as state departments of health, for activities authorized by law, such as audits, investigations, and inspections of us.
e) Judicial and administrative proceedings. We may disclose your health information in the course of any judicial or administrative (legal) proceeding in response to an appropriate order of a court or other administrative body.
f) Law enforcement purposes. We may disclose your health information to the police or law enforcement officials as required or permitted by law, or as requested by a court order or a grand jury or administrative subpoena.
g) Deceased individuals. We may disclose your health information to a coroner, medical examiner, or a funeral director as necessary if you pass away and as authorized by law.
h) Organ, eye, or tissue donations. We may disclose your health information to organ procurement organizations and similar entities for the purpose of assisting them in organ, eye, or tissue procurement, banking, or transplantation.
i) For research. If we perform research, we may use or disclose your health information for research purposes, such as studies comparing the benefits of alternative treatments received by our patients or investigations into how to improve our care delivery. We will use or disclose your health information for research purposes only with the required Institutional Review Board approval (if applicable to the research), which must follow a special approval process.
j) Health or safety. We may use or disclose your health information to prevent or lessen a threat to your health or safety or that of the general public. We may also disclose your health information to disaster relief organizations such as the Red Cross, or to other organizations participating in bioterrorism countermeasures.
k) Specialized government functions. We may use or disclose your health information to provide assistance for certain types of government activities. If you are a member of the armed forces of the United States or a foreign country, we may disclose your health information to appropriate military authority as is deemed necessary. We may also disclose your health information to federal officials for lawful intelligence or national security activities.
l) Workers’ compensation. We may use or disclose your health information as permitted by the laws governing the workers’ compensation program or similar programs that provide benefits for work-related injuries or illnesses.
m) Business Associate Agreements. A business associate is a person or entity that performs certain functions that involve the use or disclosure of your personal health information to a health care provider or insurance plan (a “covered entity”). Your health information may be used or disclosed to a business associate only if we obtain satisfactory assurances from the business associate that the business associate will safeguard your health information from any misuse and will use the information only for certain limited permitted purposes.
n) Individuals involved in your care. Unless prohibited by state law, we may disclose your health information to a family member, relative, or close personal friend assisting you in receiving health care services. We will disclose your health information to these individuals only if you tell us to do this or if we can reasonably infer that you do not object.